Eratosthenes was also interested in history and created a chronology of the world from the siege of Troy to his time, taking as references the dates that appeared in literature and in political writings. What did Eratosthenes study? He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation posted on: Nov 4, 2015 The world's earliest geographical and navigational charts were developed by Canaanites who, probably simultaneously with the Egyptians, discovered the Atlantic Ocean. On oceanography he was considered an . His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The [] Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. The technology geographers and other scientists use to study the physical and cultural environments spatially and over time is with geospatial technology. At present it is known that the equatorial diameter is 40,075 kilometers. He was the inventor of Geography and is responsible for calculating the Earths circumference. Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square). a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. 2. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. His interest in Plato led him to write his very first work at a scholarly level, Platonikos, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies. The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Business Opportunities (5) . Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. Who Eratosthenes was and what his contribution to math is? Leaving Cape Town in April 1932, Discoveryand its oceanographers, including George Deacon, circumnavigated Antarctica, much of the first few months at sea the Antarctic winter, completing the long series of sections in April 1933 before returning to England. He died c. 194 BCE, Alexandria, Egypt. Homers Iliad and The Odyssey were thought to be the first books on the subject. He had become blind in his old age and could no longer work by 195 BCE. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. A librarian named Hipparchus later placed lines of longitude at regular intervals, and this was improved even more by Ptolemy, who added cardinal directions and divided degrees into minutes and seconds. [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. Eratosthenes (D.W.) Roller (ed., Trans.) Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of about 7.2 from the vertical. Trigonometry in the modern sense began with the Greeks. He was a follower of Aristotle in his belief about the spherical shape of the Earth which he considered to be placed in the centre of the universe. He calculated the Earth's circumference. in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. At this time Eratosthenes took advantage of his position and the access to the information he had to learn about the most diverse subjects. Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. In 1870, Dr. C. Wyville Thomson suggested that the Royal Society of London ask the British government for the use of one of its ships for an extended . Definition of Oceanography 1. Around 255BC, he invented the armillary sphere. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. Oceanic area = 303x10^6km^2 (59.4%) 11.5% of Earth is continent below sea level. Rist, J.M. He believed that the celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in oceans. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. He acquired works such as the great dramas of Aeschylus and Euripides. Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. Eratosthenes united and organized in this work different information that he found in the Library of Alexandria. Posidonius wrote a bookThe Ocean. Who is the first geographer in the world? George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. He also calculated the Earth's circumference and was off by less than 150 miles in his. He did not use the mythological descriptions that were common at the time, but relied on military texts to carry out his work. One of the Greeks primary contributions to oceanography and seafaring is the latitude/longitude system. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. The numbers from one to 400 are written in a table, with the numbers one to 20 across the top row. During his life Eratosthenes was a lover of knowledge in all its areas. He also realized that streams eroded continents and deposited sediments into the ocean. Eratosthenes was born in approximately 276 BC. Term. Geographika had 3 volumes. Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). At the age of about 50 he returned to Alexandria and soon became director of the Library. Aristotle was a friend of Eratosthenes and collaborated with the mathematical calculations for the creation of the mesolabe. Eratosthenes. 4. Eratosthenes measured Earths circumference mathematically using two surface points to make the calculation. In this book Eratosthenes denounced. Geography is a chorographic discipline. All Categories. What were Eratosthenes major achievements? He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. He was also of the opinion that the spread of the world from west to east is more than from north to south. The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. Other things that Eratosthenes thought but did not turn out to be: the fact that the earth is a perfect sphere, that Alexandria is exactly north of Siena, and that the sun's rays are perfectly parallel. Eratosthenes also did other things that are known today. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Eratosthenes (born c. 276 BCE, Cyrene, Libya) was a Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet who made the first measurements of Earths size for which any details are known. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference, and invented the latitude/longitude system. Eratosthenes was a famous mathematician who developed latitude and longitude as a way to measure the Earth. His major work is 'Ges-periods' which is the first systematic description of the world. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. Archives. Cyrene was absorbed into the Ptolemaic monarchy of Egypt, which ruled from Alexandria, the cultural and commercial center of the Mediterranean. He set the circumference measurement at 252,000 stadia, which is approximately 39,691 kilometers. It does so by iteratively marking as composite, i.e., not prime, the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in Libya in North Africa. He created a method known as the Siege of Eratosthenes by which he calculated the prime numbers. Geography consisted of eight volumes. Ptolemy made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, geography, musical theory, and optics. He calculated the size of the Earth using geometry and ratios based on sun observations. 3. In Athens he met so many philosophers that he was both amazed and overwhelmed. Term. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. Your email address will not be published. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes, the great mathematician. At the Library of Alexandria, he was the chief librarian where he read books on a variety of disciplines that expanded his knowledge extensively. 175 km 4. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. The first book of "Geography" contained a summary of existing geographical work and Eratosthenes' speculations about the nature of the planet Earth. A Tradition of Exploration Norwegian pioneers throughout history The Viking Age From 800 to 1066 AD, the Vikings journeyed in their longships to explore and establish trade around Europe. During the period in which Eratosthenes was in charge of the Library of Alexandria, great advances were made in it. Uf Women's Studies Electives, In German it is erde. Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 13. More than 400 places appeared in that work, but it was lost, except for the references of historians of the time. Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. 2011. Digital Radiography Technique, Zihuatanejo Beach Shawshank, *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). James Rennell has been called the Father of Indian Geography, and for his pioneering work on oceanography as the Father of Oceanography.. Who discovered the geography? How did Eratosthenes contribute to oceanography? He established the value of each degree in 700 stadiums and a total circumference of 252,000, corresponding to approximately 39,691 kilometers, since the stadium was a difficult measure to determine. Who is father of geography in India? Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. At Syene (now Aswn), some 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Suns rays fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice. It is used naval and aviation industries. Geographys History. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. His mathematical work is known principally from the writings of the Greek geometer Pappus of Alexandria, and his geographical work from the first two books of the Geography of the Greek geographer Strabo. establishing a center for the study of marine science and navigation in Portugal. An account of Eratosthenes method is preserved in the Greek astronomer Cleomedes Meteora. Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. The role of p ychologi t in relation to mental health and well-being i extremely important today, and it i not urpri ing that many people have the need to go to p ychotherapy e ion or require p ycholo Few mu ician have o marked the future of modern mu ic a Michael Jack on, con idered the King of Pop. Around 255 BCE, he invented the armillary sphere. Corrections? He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt, commissioned Eratosthenes to run the Library of Alexandria, which became the most important center of knowledge in the region. Which common nonsilicate mineral is used in wallboard. (Writing before the Greeks adopted the degree, a Babylonian unit of measure, he actually said a fiftieth of a circle.) He correctly assumed the Suns distance to be very great; its rays therefore are practically parallel when they reach Earth. [8], The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. It comes from the Old English words eor(th)e and ertha. Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Eratosthenes, then thirty years old, accepted Ptolemy's invitation and traveled to Alexandria, where he lived for the rest of his life. environment that offers balanced, up-to-date coverage of geology, oceanography, astronomy, and meteorology. Eratosthenes experiment was highly regarded at the time, and his estimate of the Earths size was accepted for hundreds of years afterwards. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. March 2023; He became famous for being the first to calculate, with considerable precision, the circumference of the earth. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. Oceanography 100 Karen Baker Quiz #2. Who is responsible for the first measurement of the circumference of the Earth? Princeton University Press, 2013. Arabs were highly influenced by the Greek ideas about the shape and size of the earth. The measurement of the Sun-Earth distance, now called the astronomical unit (804,000,000 stadia, 1 stadion varies from 157 to 209 meter). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. are near the ocean) Life began in the ocean 4 billion years before present Stayed there for over 3 billion years before venturing out onto the surface Take notes about his accomplishments. #1 Vasco da Gama linked Europe and Asia through an ocean route for the first time The Age of Discovery was a period of global exploration that started in the early 15th century and was primarily initiated by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal. We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. What was Eratosthenes greatest achievement? The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. "Eratosthenes." He invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world. He made a catalog of 675 stars. He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology;[5] he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the mythical Trojan War, dating the sack of Troy to 1183 BC. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. Then he continued: "And do not try to understand the intricate tasks of the Archytas cylinders or the triple cuts of the cone of Menechmus or what the curved figure of the divine Eudoxus describes in its lines, because in these tablets you will easily find thousands of means even starting from poor start . Technology such as electronics and space travel have provided important contributions to oceanography. [23] Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. The fourth is the prominent grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantium, who succeeded Eratosthenes as head of the Library of Alexandria. He also tried to determine the obliquity of the ecliptic. Eratosthenes may have been the first to use the word geography. [6], Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes. Eratosthenes of Cyrene Prince Henry the navigator's contribution to ocean exploration included? Geography consisted of eight volumes. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. Eratosthenes is also known for his achievement in astronomy. He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. Given an estimate of the distance between the two cities, he was able to calculate the circumference of Earth, obtaining 250,000 stadia. Notable explorations were undertaken by the Greeks, the Romans, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, the Portuguese and Muslims. He never married. He noted that the Suns rays fell vertically at noon in Syene (now Aswn), Egypt, at the summer solstice. In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: ), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. However, his contributions to the study of the earth gave him the title of father of geography. in, Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23, Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, "Aratus's "Phenomena," Cleomedes's "On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies," and Nichomachus's "Introduction to Arithmetic" Viewer World Digital Library", "Eratosthenes on the "measurement" of the Earth", "The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C", "Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe", "Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata", English translation of the primary source for Eratosthenes and the size of the Earth, About Eratosthenes' methods, including a Java applet, How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun, Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes' method, List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes, New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes' sieve in classic BASIC all-web based interactive programming environment, Open source Physics Computer Model about Eratosthenes estimation of radius and circumference of Earth, Eratosthenes, Katasterismoi (or Astrothesiae), original text, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&oldid=1141770053, The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. So, he measured the angle of elevation during the same period and at the same time in Alexandria with the help of a gnomon. [2][3] He was also the first to calculate Earth's axial tilt, which has also proved to have remarkable accuracy. He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum. He concluded that the circumference of the earth was about 50 times greater than the distance from Alexandria to Aswan. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. They believed only rivers had currents, and named this mass of water okeanos (meaning river), from which we derived our term . He also measured the length of the shadow on the ground. What makes the scientific discipline of geography different from other science disciplines is its emphasis on space, place, and connection. salinity, waves, tides and winds. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23. Using your own words, write a paragraph about Eratosthenes and his contributions to math and science. The two cities used were Alexandria and Syene (modern Aswan), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional bematists. On the basis of this He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. Eckerman, Chris. Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. Biography. He lived and worked for most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. In the quest to secure his newly regained domain, Ptolemy III saw fit to satisfy the people of Cyrene by offering a position as important as that of chief keeper of the great library of Alexandria to Eratosthenes. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.[9]. He accepted the three continents (Europe, Asia, and Libya) and five climatic zones (one torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones), [2] The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese. Menu. Eratosthenes (l. c. 276-195 BCE) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, mathematician, and poet best known for being the first to calculate the circumference of the earth and its axial tilt. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. 22, No. Thales, the philosopher, is credited with laying the groundwork for geography research. Atlantic Ocean Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces. Eratosthenes was the first person to use the word "geography" and other geographical terms that are still in use today, and his efforts to calculate the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Earth to the Sun paved the way for our modern understanding of the cosmos. "La climatologie d'ratosthne Posidonios: gense d'une science humaine". The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. It is thought that Eratosthenes may also have been a pupil of Callimachus. Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth, invents latitude and longitude 230 B.C. This, so it happens, and when seeing the offering, someone says: this is the work of the Cyrenean Eratosthenes. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. Learn everything about the Oceanography from scratch and become a master of this topic with quiz based flashcards.
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